以(yi)數字經(jing)濟為代表的(de)(de)新(xin)經(jing)濟，在當今(jin)代表著發(fa)展(zhan)前(qian)沿、發(fa)展(zhan)方向、發(fa)展(zhan)趨(qu)勢和發(fa)展(zhan)未來(lai)(lai)。新(xin)經(jing)濟，意味著需要與(yu)之相適應、相配(pei)套的(de)(de)新(xin)型(xing)基(ji)礎設施。近期以(yi)來(lai)(lai)，關于新(xin)型(xing)基(ji)礎設施建設成(cheng)為各界廣泛熱議的(de)(de)話題(ti)。這里，擬從五個維度深(shen)刻(ke)理解“新(xin)基(ji)建”的(de)(de)內涵與(yu)深(shen)義。

   從狹義與廣義角度(du)認(ren)識“新基(ji)建”

   2018年12月19日，中央經濟工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)會議將5G、人工(gong)(gong)(gong)智(zhi)能、工(gong)(gong)(gong)業互聯網、物聯網定義為(wei)(wei)“新(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)基(ji)礎設(she)施(shi)(shi)建設(she)”，即(ji)“新(xin)(xin)基(ji)建”，作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)官方首次提出這一概念。2019年政府工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)報告(gao)要(yao)求，“加強(qiang)新(xin)(xin)一代信息基(ji)礎設(she)施(shi)(shi)建設(she)”。2020年2月3日至3月4日，僅中央層面至少5次部(bu)署與“新(xin)(xin)基(ji)建”相關的任務，主(zhu)要(yao)包括七(qi)大領域(yu)：5G基(ji)站建設(she)、特(te)高壓(ya)、城際高速鐵路(lu)和城市(shi)軌(gui)道交通、新(xin)(xin)能源汽(qi)車充電(dian)樁、大數據中心(xin)、人工(gong)(gong)(gong)智(zhi)能和工(gong)(gong)(gong)業互聯網。2020年政府工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)報告(gao)提出，重(zhong)(zhong)點支持“兩新(xin)(xin)一重(zhong)(zhong)”建設(she)。“兩新(xin)(xin)”為(wei)(wei)新(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)基(ji)礎設(she)施(shi)(shi)建設(she)，新(xin)(xin)型(xing)(xing)城鎮化(hua)建設(she)；“一重(zhong)(zhong)”為(wei)(wei)交通、水(shui)利等重(zhong)(zhong)大工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建設(she)。

   梳理(li)發(fa)現，“新(xin)(xin)基(ji)(ji)(ji)建(jian)(jian)”可分(fen)為狹義(yi)“新(xin)(xin)基(ji)(ji)(ji)建(jian)(jian)”和廣(guang)(guang)義(yi)“新(xin)(xin)基(ji)(ji)(ji)建(jian)(jian)”。其中(zhong)，狹義(yi)“新(xin)(xin)基(ji)(ji)(ji)建(jian)(jian)”指數字基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎(chu)設(she)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，包括5G基(ji)(ji)(ji)站建(jian)(jian)設(she)、大數據中(zhong)心、人工智(zhi)(zhi)能、工業(ye)互聯網等。廣(guang)(guang)義(yi)“新(xin)(xin)基(ji)(ji)(ji)建(jian)(jian)”指融合基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎(chu)設(she)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，包括特高壓、新(xin)(xin)能源汽車充電(dian)樁、城(cheng)(cheng)際高速鐵路和城(cheng)(cheng)市軌道交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)，以(yi)及交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)、水利重(zhong)大工程等。也(ye)就是說(shuo)，利用新(xin)(xin)一代信息技術對包括能源、交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)、城(cheng)(cheng)市、水利在內的傳統基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎(chu)設(she)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)進(jin)行(xing)數字化改造(zao)，進(jin)而(er)形(xing)成融合基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎(chu)設(she)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，例如(ru)智(zhi)(zhi)慧(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)能源基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎(chu)設(she)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、智(zhi)(zhi)慧(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎(chu)設(she)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、智(zhi)(zhi)慧(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)城(cheng)(cheng)市基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎(chu)設(she)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、智(zhi)(zhi)慧(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)水利基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎(chu)設(she)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)等。作為廣(guang)(guang)義(yi)“新(xin)(xin)基(ji)(ji)(ji)建(jian)(jian)”，不僅(jin)服務于(yu)(yu)智(zhi)(zhi)慧(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)產業(ye)（智(zhi)(zhi)慧(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)農業(ye)、智(zhi)(zhi)慧(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)制(zhi)造(zao)業(ye)、智(zhi)(zhi)慧(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)服務業(ye)）、智(zhi)(zhi)慧(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)企業(ye)、智(zhi)(zhi)慧(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)政府(fu)發(fa)展，還服務于(yu)(yu)智(zhi)(zhi)慧(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)能源、智(zhi)(zhi)慧(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)、智(zhi)(zhi)慧(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)城(cheng)(cheng)市、智(zhi)(zhi)慧(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)水利發(fa)展；不僅(jin)服務于(yu)(yu)供給端生產方式革命，還服務于(yu)(yu)需求端生活方式革命，進(jin)而(er)推動中(zhong)國(guo)社會全面進(jin)入數字經濟時(shi)代。

   5G與數據

   為新型基礎(chu)設(she)施提供支撐(cheng)

   關(guan)于(yu)新(xin)型(xing)基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎設施(shi)，目前業界有“七領域說(shuo)(shuo)”、“三大類說(shuo)(shuo)”（2020年4月20日，在國家發改委(wei)新(xin)聞發布會上(shang)明確“新(xin)基(ji)(ji)(ji)建”的(de)范圍(wei)，包括信(xin)(xin)息基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎設施(shi)、融合基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎設施(shi)、創新(xin)基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎設施(shi)等(deng)三大類）、“兩分法說(shuo)(shuo)”等(deng)。即狹義(yi)（數(shu)(shu)字）基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎設施(shi)，泛指(zhi)以(yi)互(hu)(hu)(hu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)為代表的(de)新(xin)一(yi)代信(xin)(xin)息技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)群(qun)(qun)，簡稱(cheng)為“新(xin)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)群(qun)(qun)”，包括：大數(shu)(shu)據(ju)、云計(ji)算、互(hu)(hu)(hu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)、物(wu)(wu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)、人(ren)工(gong)(gong)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能、智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能終端；ICT（信(xin)(xin)息通信(xin)(xin)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)）、DT（數(shu)(shu)字技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)）、CPS（信(xin)(xin)息物(wu)(wu)理融合系(xi)統(tong)）、VR（虛(xu)擬(ni)現(xian)實(shi)）、AR（增強(qiang)現(xian)實(shi)）、區(qu)(qu)塊(kuai)鏈(lian)；識別(bie)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)（指(zhi)紋(wen)、語音、臉部）、無人(ren)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)、3D技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)、5G技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)，等(deng)等(deng)。概括說(shuo)(shuo)來，狹義(yi)（數(shu)(shu)字）基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎設施(shi)走向大致如下：從(cong)(cong)PC互(hu)(hu)(hu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)到移(yi)動互(hu)(hu)(hu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)，從(cong)(cong)消費互(hu)(hu)(hu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)到產業互(hu)(hu)(hu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)，從(cong)(cong)互(hu)(hu)(hu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)到物(wu)(wu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)，從(cong)(cong)萬物(wu)(wu)互(hu)(hu)(hu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)到萬物(wu)(wu)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能，從(cong)(cong)物(wu)(wu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)到智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)，從(cong)(cong)弱人(ren)工(gong)(gong)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能到強(qiang)人(ren)工(gong)(gong)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能，從(cong)(cong)強(qiang)人(ren)工(gong)(gong)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能到超人(ren)工(gong)(gong)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能。總之，一(yi)切都(dou)體現(xian)為“互(hu)(hu)(hu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)+、物(wu)(wu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)+、大數(shu)(shu)據(ju)+、區(qu)(qu)塊(kuai)鏈(lian)+、人(ren)工(gong)(gong)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能+”等(deng)。

   需特別(bie)指出，新型(xing)基礎(chu)設施也需要基礎(chu)設施的支撐，首先是5G，所有(you)應(ying)用場景必須依(yi)托5G。其特點一是高速(su)率(lv)。一般認(ren)為，5G網速(su)是4G的50-100倍。二是低時延(yan)。一般認(ren)為，5G網絡有(you)著低至1毫秒的延(yan)遲(chi)。三是廣覆(fu)蓋(gai)，包括更多設備(bei)、更大范圍、更高容量(liang)。一般認(ren)為，5G容量(liang)是4G的數十倍。四是高可(ke)靠(kao)，包括高感知性(xing)、高安全性(xing)、高穩定性(xing)、高靈敏度。五是高成本，包括基站密度之(zhi)高，投資巨(ju)大。

   其(qi)次是數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)，所有(you)(you)經(jing)濟活動(dong)，必須依托數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)。數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)具(ju)有(you)(you)價值(zhi)，通(tong)過數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)采集(ji)、數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)儲存、數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)加(jia)(jia)工、數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)集(ji)成、數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)分析(xi)，實現數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)作(zuo)為(wei)生產(chan)要素驅動(dong)經(jing)濟增長。然(ran)而，數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)孤(gu)島、數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)壁(bi)壘導(dao)致的數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)碎(sui)片化，在很大程度(du)上(shang)降低了數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)價值(zhi)。鑒此，實行(xing)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)開放，一則數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)跨(kua)界融合，二則數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)跨(kua)界共(gong)享(xiang)。這(zhe)里，部門利益、數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)保(bao)護等(deng)體制性、政策性問題必須引起高度(du)重(zhong)視一并加(jia)(jia)以解決。

   “新(xin)基建(jian)”與“老基建(jian)”相互補充相互支(zhi)持

   基礎(chu)設(she)施的(de)(de)本質就是(shi)互(hu)(hu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)互(hu)(hu)通(tong)發揮連接作用(yong)。一(yi)(yi)是(shi)打通(tong)實(shi)(shi)體(ti)(ti)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)相互(hu)(hu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)系，二是(shi)打通(tong)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)擬空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)相互(hu)(hu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)系，三(san)是(shi)打通(tong)實(shi)(shi)體(ti)(ti)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)和(he)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)擬空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)相互(hu)(hu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)系。空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)是(shi)人類從(cong)事(shi)一(yi)(yi)切(qie)經濟活(huo)動的(de)(de)場(chang)所。隨著(zhu)時(shi)代變化，對空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)認識也(ye)在(zai)不斷深化。空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)1.0主(zhu)要指陸(lu)域；空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)2.0增加(jia)了海域，包(bao)括淺(qian)海深海、近海遠海；空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)3.0則進一(yi)(yi)步增加(jia)了空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)域，包(bao)括低(di)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)、高空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)、太(tai)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)；空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)4.0又增加(jia)了虛(xu)(xu)(xu)擬空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)。當今社會(hui)，正是(shi)借助(zhu)基礎(chu)設(she)施，不僅(jin)陸(lu)域海域空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)域融(rong)(rong)為一(yi)(yi)體(ti)(ti)，而且實(shi)(shi)體(ti)(ti)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)與虛(xu)(xu)(xu)擬空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)也(ye)融(rong)(rong)為一(yi)(yi)體(ti)(ti)。

   傳(chuan)(chuan)統基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎(chu)(chu)設(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)大多局限于實(shi)(shi)體(ti)空間(jian)尤其陸(lu)域，重(zhong)在(zai)有形(xing)連(lian)接(jie)(jie)，即“橋(qiao)連(lian)接(jie)(jie)”，主(zhu)要包括(kuo)公路、鐵路、機場、港口、碼頭、橋(qiao)梁等(deng)，俗稱(cheng)“鐵公基(ji)(ji)(ji)”。新(xin)型(xing)基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎(chu)(chu)設(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)不(bu)僅在(zai)實(shi)(shi)體(ti)空間(jian)，更拓展(zhan)至虛(xu)擬空間(jian)，重(zhong)在(zai)無(wu)形(xing)連(lian)接(jie)(jie)，即“云連(lian)接(jie)(jie)”，主(zhu)要包括(kuo)以(yi)互聯(lian)網為代表的(de)新(xin)一代信息(xi)技術群，也稱(cheng)“云設(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)”。鑒此(ci)，“新(xin)基(ji)(ji)(ji)建(jian)(jian)”和“老(lao)基(ji)(ji)(ji)建(jian)(jian)”不(bu)是(shi)相(xiang)互排斥(chi)、相(xiang)互替代關系，而是(shi)相(xiang)互補充、相(xiang)互支持關系。新(xin)型(xing)基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎(chu)(chu)設(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)，不(bu)僅提升了傳(chuan)(chuan)統基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎(chu)(chu)設(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)功(gong)能，而且放大了傳(chuan)(chuan)統基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎(chu)(chu)設(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)作用。“新(xin)基(ji)(ji)(ji)建(jian)(jian)”加力，“老(lao)基(ji)(ji)(ji)建(jian)(jian)”改造，可以(yi)更好發揮基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎(chu)(chu)設(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)“雙輪”驅動作用。

   需要指出的是(shi)，作(zuo)(zuo)為新型基(ji)(ji)礎設(she)(she)施(shi)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)，中國在(zai)消費(fei)互聯(lian)(lian)網領(ling)(ling)域處于(yu)國際(ji)領(ling)(ling)先水(shui)平，其標(biao)志是(shi)，線上(shang)購物、線上(shang)支付(fu)、線上(shang)學習、線上(shang)會議發(fa)展迅速，特別(bie)是(shi)新冠肺炎疫(yi)情暴(bao)發(fa)以(yi)來，國人已逐漸習慣(guan)線上(shang)生活。同(tong)時，產業(ye)互聯(lian)(lian)網領(ling)(ling)域基(ji)(ji)礎設(she)(she)施(shi)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)仍然(ran)滯后(hou)于(yu)發(fa)達國家，表現在(zai)工作(zuo)(zuo)人員遠(yuan)程辦公率、企業(ye)數(shu)字技術滲透率、制造產業(ye)機器人密(mi)度(du)等指標(biao)遠(yuan)低于(yu)發(fa)達國家。這(zhe)里，不(bu)僅需要正(zheng)(zheng)確(que)(que)認識“新基(ji)(ji)建(jian)(jian)”和(he)“老基(ji)(ji)建(jian)(jian)”的關(guan)系，更要正(zheng)(zheng)確(que)(que)處理“新基(ji)(ji)建(jian)(jian)”中消費(fei)互聯(lian)(lian)網和(he)產業(ye)互聯(lian)(lian)網的關(guan)系。

   推動“新(xin)基建”的同(tong)時要培育“新(xin)企業”

   發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)數字(zi)(zi)(zi)經濟(ji)(ji)已(yi)成為全(quan)球(qiu)(qiu)各國(guo)重塑經濟(ji)(ji)形(xing)態(tai)的共同選擇，以數字(zi)(zi)(zi)經濟(ji)(ji)為代表的新(xin)經濟(ji)(ji)在(zai)轉型(xing)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)形(xing)成強(qiang)勁(jing)勢(shi)頭。根據中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)信(xin)息通信(xin)研究(jiu)院《全(quan)球(qiu)(qiu)數字(zi)(zi)(zi)經濟(ji)(ji)新(xin)圖景(jing)（2019）》研究(jiu)報(bao)告(gao)，2018年，美國(guo)數字(zi)(zi)(zi)經濟(ji)(ji)規模(mo)(mo)為12.34萬億(yi)美元，位居全(quan)球(qiu)(qiu)第一位，占其GDP的60.2%；中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)為4.73萬億(yi)美元，位居全(quan)球(qiu)(qiu)第二(er)位，占GDP的34.8%。進一步(bu)比較可知，2018年，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)GDP總量是(shi)美國(guo)的66.3%，然而，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)數字(zi)(zi)(zi)經濟(ji)(ji)規模(mo)(mo)僅(jin)為美國(guo)的38.3%。盡管(guan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)美在(zai)數字(zi)(zi)(zi)經濟(ji)(ji)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)處(chu)于全(quan)球(qiu)(qiu)領先地位，但是(shi)，二(er)者之間仍然存在(zai)較大(da)差距也是(shi)客(ke)觀現實。

   毋庸置(zhi)疑，“新(xin)(xin)基建”既是(shi)強化數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)基礎保障，又是(shi)推進數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)增長的(de)重要引(yin)擎，更是(shi)融(rong)入數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)時代的(de)關鍵設施(shi)。加快數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)，其(qi)抓手一(yi)只(zhi)是(shi)“新(xin)(xin)基建”，另一(yi)只(zhi)是(shi)“新(xin)(xin)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)”，兩者之中(zhong)(zhong)任何其(qi)一(yi)不可偏廢。何況，“新(xin)(xin)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)”是(shi)實施(shi)“新(xin)(xin)基建”的(de)核(he)心主(zhu)體。實踐表明，“新(xin)(xin)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)”在數(shu)(shu)(shu)據驅動增長中(zhong)(zhong)會發(fa)揮(hui)先導優勢、起著引(yin)領作用(yong)。據統(tong)計，截至2017年3月，全球10大超級(ji)(ji)數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)平(ping)臺企(qi)(qi)業(ye)全部來自美國(guo)和中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)，美國(guo)7家，包(bao)括蘋果(guo)、谷歌、微軟(ruan)等，占(zhan)其(qi)總(zong)市值的(de)78.5%；中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)3家，包(bao)括阿里巴(ba)巴(ba)、騰訊、百度(du)，占(zhan)其(qi)總(zong)市值的(de)21.5%。今后，中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)各地(di)，一(yi)是(shi)重點支持一(yi)批(pi)(pi)BAT這(zhe)樣一(yi)類(lei)超級(ji)(ji)數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)平(ping)臺企(qi)(qi)業(ye)成(cheng)長，二是(shi)加快發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)一(yi)批(pi)(pi)類(lei)似頭條、小米、滴滴這(zhe)樣的(de)獨角(jiao)獸企(qi)(qi)業(ye)，三是(shi)全力推出(chu)一(yi)批(pi)(pi)瞪羚企(qi)(qi)業(ye)，它們代表著一(yi)個地(di)方的(de)數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)質量(liang)和數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)活躍程(cheng)度(du)。未來超級(ji)(ji)數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)平(ping)臺企(qi)(qi)業(ye)、獨角(jiao)獸企(qi)(qi)業(ye)、瞪羚企(qi)(qi)業(ye)勢必成(cheng)為地(di)方經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)標配，要像大規(gui)模從事“新(xin)(xin)基建”一(yi)樣，大批(pi)(pi)量(liang)培育“新(xin)(xin)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)”。

   從(cong)思維層面理解“新基(ji)建(jian)”的重要(yao)意(yi)義

   近期，各地(di)掀起新(xin)(xin)一輪(lun)的“新(xin)(xin)基(ji)(ji)建”熱潮，這既是(shi)(shi)應對當前經濟下行壓力的需(xu)要，更是(shi)(shi)布局未(wei)來經濟高(gao)效發力的需(xu)要。需(xu)要指(zhi)出的是(shi)(shi)，新(xin)(xin)型基(ji)(ji)礎設(she)施(shi)，既是(shi)(shi)基(ji)(ji)礎設(she)施(shi)，也(ye)是(shi)(shi)數(shu)字技術，還是(shi)(shi)先進產業，更是(shi)(shi)一種思維(wei)方式。因此(ci)，對“新(xin)(xin)基(ji)(ji)建”的理解，不能(neng)僅局限于物質層面，更需(xu)要拓展至思維(wei)層面。

   進入21世紀以來，以互聯網為(wei)代表的新一(yi)(yi)代信息技(ji)術革命(ming)(ming)，加快引致經濟(ji)社會(hui)活(huo)動(dong)發(fa)生重(zhong)大變(bian)(bian)化：一(yi)(yi)是(shi)從低速(su)狀態(tai)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)高速(su)狀態(tai)，其表現為(wei)“四個周期(qi)(qi)(qi)”變(bian)(bian)短(duan)：產業生命(ming)(ming)周期(qi)(qi)(qi)變(bian)(bian)短(duan)，產品生命(ming)(ming)周期(qi)(qi)(qi)變(bian)(bian)短(duan)，技(ji)術生命(ming)(ming)周期(qi)(qi)(qi)變(bian)(bian)短(duan)，知識生命(ming)(ming)周期(qi)(qi)(qi)變(bian)(bian)短(duan)，這對各(ge)行(xing)各(ge)業形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)全(quan)新挑戰。二是(shi)從確(que)定性(xing)(xing)情(qing)景(jing)(jing)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)不(bu)確(que)定性(xing)(xing)情(qing)景(jing)(jing)，不(bu)確(que)定性(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)常態(tai)，任(ren)何重(zhong)大決策活(huo)動(dong)都將(jiang)置于(yu)“VUCA”情(qing)景(jing)(jing)（V，易變(bian)(bian)性(xing)(xing)；U，不(bu)確(que)定性(xing)(xing)；C，復雜性(xing)(xing)；A，模(mo)糊性(xing)(xing)）。三(san)是(shi)從線(xian)性(xing)(xing)變(bian)(bian)化轉(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)非線(xian)性(xing)(xing)變(bian)(bian)化。數字經濟(ji)時代，打造(zao)指數型(xing)組織，推動(dong)指數型(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)長(chang)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)必(bi)須，也就意味著高速(su)度增長(chang)和高質量(liang)發(fa)展(zhan)兩(liang)者融為(wei)一(yi)(yi)體、相互加持。四是(shi)從實體空(kong)間(jian)(jian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)虛(xu)擬空(kong)間(jian)(jian)，虛(xu)實空(kong)間(jian)(jian)兩(liang)者打通融為(wei)一(yi)(yi)體；不(bu)僅如(ru)此(ci)，虛(xu)擬空(kong)間(jian)(jian)具有“三(san)零(ling)一(yi)(yi)無”特點，即零(ling)時間(jian)(jian)、零(ling)距離、零(ling)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)、無邊界。五是(shi)從同(tong)道追趕轉(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)換道超車，跨界競爭(zheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)必(bi)然(ran)，新業態(tai)新模(mo)式層出不(bu)窮(qiong)，構建數字經濟(ji)生態(tai)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)大勢(shi)。

   隨著經濟社會從(cong)非(fei)信息化(hua)、非(fei)數字(zi)化(hua)、非(fei)智能化(hua)、非(fei)網(wang)絡化(hua)向(xiang)信息化(hua)、數字(zi)化(hua)、智能化(hua)、網(wang)絡化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)全面轉型，人(ren)類生(sheng)活方(fang)(fang)式(shi)、生(sheng)產方(fang)(fang)式(shi)乃(nai)至思維方(fang)(fang)式(shi)發(fa)生(sheng)重(zhong)大革命，一(yi)(yi)切都在顛覆之中(zhong)，一(yi)(yi)切都在重(zhong)構之中(zhong)。因(yin)此，不能就“新(xin)(xin)基(ji)(ji)建(jian)(jian)”談“新(xin)(xin)基(ji)(ji)建(jian)(jian)”，正確(que)的(de)(de)(de)思維方(fang)(fang)式(shi)是跳(tiao)出“新(xin)(xin)基(ji)(ji)建(jian)(jian)”談“新(xin)(xin)基(ji)(ji)建(jian)(jian)”，由此才能認清“新(xin)(xin)基(ji)(ji)建(jian)(jian)”的(de)(de)(de)深刻、深遠、深情意義(yi)。

（作(zuo)者系中國社(she)會科學院數量經濟與技(ji)術(shu)經濟研(yan)究(jiu)所副所長(chang)、研(yan)究(jiu)員）